Gastrointestinal Diseases

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Colite ulcéreuse : Étude de cas

Brian Bressler, M.D., M.Sc., FRCPC, est professeur adjoint clini-que de médecine dans
le service de gastroentérologie du St Paul's Hospital, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, à Vancouver (Colombie-Britannique).

Résumé
Un homme de 28 ans est venu nous consulter pour ses selles sanglantes. La coloscopie a mis en évidence une colite ulcéreuse gauche modérément évolutive, affectant une région allant de la marge de l'anus jusqu'au milieu du côlon descendant. Suite à un traitement d'induction avec des 5-AAS par voie orale et rectale, le patient est maintenant en rémission. Une éducation adaptée au patient lui a permis de réaliser que le meilleur moyen pour lui de rester en rémission était de continuer le traitement médicamenteux.
Mots clés : colite ulcéreuse, 5-aminosalicylate, respect du traitement médicamenteux, surveillance de la dysplasie, inflammation du rectum.

Les phtalates dans les 5-AAS : Orienter le choix thérapeutique et minimiser les risques

Geoffrey C. Nguyen, M.D., Ph. D., est professeur de médecine adjoint au Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease du Mount Sinai Hospital, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ontario).

Résumé
Les 5-aminosalicylates (5-AAS) représentent le traitement de première intention pour les patients atteints de colite ulcéreuse (CU) légère à modérée, en raison de leur efficacité prouvée et de leur profil d'innocuité, même pour les femmes enceintes. Cependant, une préparation de 5-AAS possède un revêtement contenant du phtalate de dibutyle (DBP). Bien que, chez les rongeurs, le DBP puisse entraîner des troubles du développement reproducteur et d'autres anomalies congénitales in utero, on ne sait pas si le DBP provoque des anomalies foetales importantes sur le plan physiologique chez les humains. La Federal Drug Administration a modifié la classification des 5-AAS contenant du DBP en les faisant passer de la classe B à la classe C durant la grossesse, afin de refléter le degré plus grand d'incertitude concernant l'effet du DBP chez les humains. Le message le plus important destiné aux femmes enceintes atteintes de CU consiste à prendre les médicaments contre la CU afin d'empêcher une rechute de la maladie, qui pourrait entraîner le plus d'effets indésirables sur la grossesse. Cependant, les médecins doivent discuter avec les jeunes femmes prenant des 5-AAS contenant du DBP des bienfaits et des risques de prendre une autre préparation de 5-AAS sans DBP.
Mots clés : phtalates, 5-aminosalicylate, colite ulcéreuse, phtalate de dibutyle, grossesse.

Le patient venant de recevoir un diagnostic de colite ulcéreuse : Prévoir les questions et personaliser les réponses

James Gregor, M.D., est membre du département de gastroentérologie de l'Université Western Ontario, London (Ontario).
Co-auteurs : John Howard, M.D., Nitin Khanna, M.D. et Nilesh Chande, M.D.
sont membres du département de gastro-entérologie du London Health Sciences Centre (Université Western) London (Ontario).

Résumé
L'un des atouts les plus importants dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de colite ulcéreuse consiste à avoir des patients bien informés. L'expérience clinique montre que la plupart des patients ont des questions similaires lors de leur diagnostic. En anticipant ces questions et en les adaptant à la gravité et l'étendue de la maladie d'un patient, il est possible non seulement de simplifier le suivi, mais également de réduire la confusion et d'augmenter les bienfaits apportés par la pléthore de renseignements disponibles au 21e siècle. D'après notre expérience locale, nous avons défini les 10 questions les plus couramment posées par les patients et modifié les réponses, au besoin, pour qu'elles soient mieux adaptées aux patients atteints de rectite ou proctite ulcéreuse, de colite ulcéreuse gauche ou de pancolite.
Mos clés : colite ulcéreuse, patient, questions, classification, prise en charge.

Ulcerative Colitis at a Glance by the Numbers

Abstract
From time-to-time we select a topic and present the information and facts in an exciting and visually informative format. Today our choice of condition to present as an infographic is Ulcerative Colitis, an important topic for which we are also developing a CME program that is scheduled for release later this year.

Keybowrds: ulcerative colitis, gastrointestinal, IBD

Things that fascinate me about radiology

Author(s)
Thumbnail Image
Teaser

I was a family physician for 7 years before becoming a radiologist. There are some things ...

I was a family physician for 7 years before becoming a radiologist. There are some things I miss about family practice. I miss the longitudinal relationship that I often had with multiple generations of family members.

Section

Abdominal Pain among Older Adults

M. Bachir Tazkarji, MD, CCFP, CAQ Geriatric Medicine, Lecturer, Family Medicine Department, University of Toronto; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON.

As the population is aging, physicians from all specialties are expected to see more older adults at their outpatient practices and in the acute settings. Abdominal pain remains one of the most common and potentially serious complaints that emergency physicians encounter. Vascular pathology should be considered early in the diagnostic course of all older adults who have abdominal pain because the time for intervention is critical.
Key words: abdominal pain, older adults, management of acute abdominal pain.

Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Dyspepsia among Older Adults

Sander Veldhuyzen van Zanten, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.

Dyspepsia is defined as an epigastric pain or discomfort thought to originate in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There is discussion, especially in uninvestigated patients, about whether gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be separated from dyspepsia. If heartburn and regurgitation are the dominant symptoms, GERD is the likely diagnosis. Among older adults, more severe esophagitis is often seen, while at the same time patients report less severe symptoms. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), and cyclo-oxygenase 2 selected inhibitors is associated with an increased frequency of dyspepsia and, more importantly, ulcers and upper GI bleeding. In new-onset dyspepsia among older adults, endoscopy should be considered given the increased risk of an upper GI malignancy. Among individuals taking NSAIDs, the medication should ideally be discontinued if it is thought to be the cause of dyspepsia. For NSAID prophylaxis, there is evidence that use of a once-daily proton pump inhibitor or misoprostol 200 µg two to four times per day decreases the risk of upper GI ulcers. NSAID prophylaxis is underused among older adults taking non-ASA NSAIDs, and the reasons for this and its consequences require further study.
Key words: dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, NSAIDs, ASA,
H. pylori.

Letter to the Editor: Review of Constipation.

The authors respond:
There appears to be no specific effect of aging on bowel function. It is more likely the cumulative result of decreased mobility, comorbid illness, and medication side effects that cause a higher incidence of constipation among older adults.1

While it is true that lactulose can be an effective osmotic laxative, the fact remains that it may also lead to painful abdominal cramping and flatus.2 For this reason, it is recommended as a second or third line laxative, usually in combination with other medications.

Hershl Berman, Shawna Silver, Laura Brooks

References

  1. Salles N. Basic mechanisms of the aging gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis 2007;25:112-7.
  2. Hsieh C. Treatment of constipation in older adults. Am Fam Physician 2005;72:2277-85.

Low-Dose Acetylsalicylic Acid and the Use of Gastroprotectors among Older Adults

Neeraj Bhala, MBChB, MRCP, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, UK.
Angel Lanas, MD, PhD, Service of Gastroenterology, Instituto Aragones de Ciencias de la Salud, University Hospital, CIBERehd. Zaragoza, Spain.


Low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is widely used in the prevention of cardiovascular events but can be associated with upper gastrointestinal (GI) complications, including ulcers. In this article, the range of effects of GI toxicity and the epidemiology of ASA-associated events are discussed, as well as risk factors, such as increasing age, that predict bleeding. Strategies to minimize upper GI events in older adults include the use of mucosal protectants such as proton pump inhibitors. The use of alternative antiplatelet agents including clopidogrel or Helicobacter pylori infection eradication may not provide sufficient protection in at-risk individuals who need low-dose ASA.
Key words: low-dose ASA, upper gastrointestinal events, older adults, gastroprotection, proton pump inhibitor.

A Rational Approach to Constipation

Hershl Berman, MD, FRCPC, Assistant Professor, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON.
Laura Brooks, RegN, MscN, APN, Advanced Practice Nurse in Palliative Care, Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, University Health Network, Toronto, ON.
Shawna Silver, MD, PEng, Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.

Constipation is a common complaint, especially in older adults. It results in millions of physician visits per year, with hundreds of millions of dollars spent on laxatives. Untreated it can lead to serious morbidity and can be a contributing factor in mortality. A rational approach to the patient presenting with constipation includes a detailed history, general and focused physical examination, specific investigations, and appropriate therapy. Treatment should aim to address the underlying cause, as should the choice of laxative. In general, it is best to clear out hard stool in the distal bowel before using an aggressive oral regimen.
Key words: constipation, laxatives, older adults, opioids.