Law and Ethics

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Michael Gordon, MD, MSc, FRCPC,

Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.

CLINICAL TOOLS

Abstract: The evolution of medicine is quite remarkable and astounding. Modern medicine is successfully treating or providing long-term control of conditions which in the not-so-distant past were lethal or resulted in permanent disability. The strong emphasis on evidence-based medicine in today's medical profession has led to a more organized approach toward evaluating the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments. Despite attempts to meet the complex needs of an ever-aging population, an almost cynical or inherent distrust of physicians in general and their medical claims is being increasingly noted. For many physicians this has led to an uncomfortable sense of professional frustration as doubt is cast on themselves or the medical profession in general when the expectations and goals of patients or their families are not achieved. The causes of this apparent malady of contemporary medicine are myriad and may be explored from various perspectives, depending on the particular issue. To understand better the issues and challenges involved, today's medical practitioner needs to be aware of the complex mix of organizational, professional, ethical, and at times anthropological perspectives contributing to this dissonance between medical professionals and the public. Improving our insight into the forces at work in this dissonance will help medical professionals improve medical services to the public and contribute to the preservation of medicine's admirable historical legacy.
Key Words: Anti-vaccination movement, conspiracy theories, evidence-based medicine, medical quackery, trust in physicians.
Evidence-based medicine asks questions, finds and appraises the relevant data, and harnesses that information for everyday clinical practice. Evidence-based medicine follows four steps:
• Formulate a clear clinical question from a patient’s problem
• Search the literature for relevant clinical articles
• Evaluate (critically appraise) the evidence for its validity and usefulness
• Implement useful findings in clinical practice.
The growing mistrust undermines the patient-doctor relationship, as well as the public’s perspective of health care professionals and the system in general.
If the medical dissonance is left unresolved, the future of health care will become increasingly onerous for those wishing to enter its professions, ultimately impacting those in need of medical services.
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Planning for the Future: Expected and Unexpected

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For those of us who are planners, it seems perfectly natural to anticipate the possibilities of the future...
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My late father, an engineer whose expertise was motor vehicles, drummed into me the importance of timely oil changes—which I do to this day: it is an almost obsession with me.

For those of us who are planners, it seems perfectly natural to anticipate the possibilities of the future and try to take steps to either avoid bad outcomes or implement steps to mitigate deleterious outcomes. My late father, an engineer whose expertise was motor vehicles, drummed into me the importance of timely oil changes—which I do to this day: it is an almost obsession with me.

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The Need to Feed—A Powerful Force

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The mothers of all living species appear to have a biologically determined need to feed their young.
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Food is clearly one of the essentials of life. Most people in the more developed world consider food as much for its culinary delights and aesthetics than for its nourishment attributes.

Why Families Should Consider Forgoing CPR

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Physicians usually become adept at choosing medications for the complaints and illnesses that patients bring to their attention.
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It happens a few times a month: I get a request for a meeting with a family struggling…

It happens a few times a month: I get a request for a meeting with a family struggling whether or not to provide a do not resuscitate (DNR) order for a frail and aged family member. Often the patient has dementia, and, therefore, the decision falls to the formal substitute decision maker (SDM), in keeping with the Health Care Consent Act in Ontario (and comparable legislation elsewhere).

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Metal Implants and Travel

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It is the age of the bionic person…
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Many older patients of mine have metal implants in their limbs following some form of reconstructive surgery…

Many older patients of mine have metal implants in their limbs following some form of reconstructive surgery. It is the age of the bionic person.

With so many "snowbirds" and with security metal detectors almost everywhere, there is often an expressed concern about whether having a metal implant in the hip or knee might delay you or lead to problems when you pass through airport or cruise security metal detectors.

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Where's the Beef?

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I was sitting in a coffee shop next to table with 5 older women…
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I could hear one of them say to the group, “I am cutting bacon out of my diet—but I do love it once in a while”…

I was sitting in a coffee shop next to table with 5 older women. I could hear one of them say to the group, "I am cutting bacon out of my diet—but I do love it once in a while".

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Make sure your Substitute Decision-Maker Understand the Rules of Engagement

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Ihave heard it many times, “ I am the POA"…
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I have heard it many times, “ I am the POA" (wrong use of the term—what they mean is the SDM-Substitute-Decision-Maker or as is often used in the United States Proxy: the POA is in fact the document outlining the substance of the decisions that are being referred to).

I have heard it many times, “ I am the POA (wrong use of the term—what they mean is the Substitute-Decision-Maker (SDM) or as is often used in the United States Proxy: the POA is in fact the document outlining the substance of the decisions that are being referred to).

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Any Reason to not Enjoy Sex if you are in a Nursing Home?

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A while back there was a headline in the New York Times about a well-known retired politician…
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A while back there was a headline in the New York Times about a well-known retired politician who was charged with rape for allegedly having sexual relations with his wife.

A while back there was a headline in the New York Times about a well-known retired politician who was charged with rape for allegedly having sexual relations with his wife. This would of course not have been a story were it not for the fact that his wife was at the time of the alleged event living in a nursing home and experiencing cognitive impairment to a significant degree.

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Why a Section on Ethics?

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At the time of my medical training, the term medical ethics was hardly used when discussing complex issues related to patients and families.
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For most of us in practice in the 1960’s when I attended and completed medical school, the main source and inspiration for medical ethics was Hippocrates…

At the time of my medical training, the term medical ethics was hardly used when discussing complex issues related to patients and families.

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Discussions with your Doctor about your Future Wishes

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There are days in my clinic where I seem to be having the same conversation over and over…
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There are days in my clinic where I seem to be having the same conversation over and over—but with a different patient and different family.

There are days in my clinic where I seem to be having the same conversation over and over—but with a different patient and different family. I have often thought that a model of care I once heard a presentation about might be worth doing—having the equivalent of a group therapy, but with a number of my patients and their families to discuss the common problems in aging and cognitive function.

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